Sudip Mondal, et al.,"Design and Implementation of a Sort-Free K-Best Sphere Decoder," in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 18, (10), 2010, 1497.
This paper describes the design and very-large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture for a 4 × 4 breadth-first K-best multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) decoder using a 64 quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme. A novel sort-free approach to path extension, as well as quantized metrics result in a high-throughput VLSI architecture with lower power and area consumption compared to state-of-the-art published systems. Functionality is confirmed via a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation on a Xilinx Virtex II Pro FPGA. Comparison of simulation and measurements are given, and FPGA utilization figures are provided. Finally, VLSI architectural tradeoffs are explored for a synthesized application-specific IC (ASIC) implementation in a 65-nm CMOS technology.